Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), in its first major activity after the national lockdown, has launched an earth observation satellite, (EOS-01) yesterday afternoon. It was accompanied by nine other satellites from foreign countries onboard a PSLVC49 rocket.

Since the launch of RISAT-2BR1, another earth observation satellite similar to EOS-01  on December 11 last year, this is ISRO’s first mission executed in India. After RISAT-2BR1, ISRO had also sent GSAT-30, a communication satellite, in space in January this year, but that was done using an Ariane rocket launched from French Guiana.

Launch schedule of ISRO was thrown out of the window by the coronavirus epidemic. ISRO had planned for more than 20 satellite launches in the fiscal year 2020-21, including high profile missions like Aditya L1, the first exploratory mission to Sun. This FY, ISRO’s timeline also included an unmanned Gaganyaan mission, the precursor to India’s first manned space flight. Half of the planned launches were those of earth observation satellites like the one which was launched yesterday.

Comparison with other series

EOS-01 is nothing but another Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) that will work together with RISAT-2B and RISAT-2BR1 launched last year. EOS-01 was initially named RISAT-2BR2, and was supposed to be the third of the three-spacecraft constellation aimed at providing all-weather round-the-clock service for high-resolution images.

With EOS-01, ISRO is moving to a new naming system for its earth observation satellites which till now have been named thematically, according to the purpose they are meant for. For example, the Cartosat series of satellites were meant to provide data for land topography and mapping, while the Oceansat satellites were meant for observations over sea regions. Some INSAT-series, Resourcesat series, GISAT, Scatsat, and some more are all earth observation satellites, named differently for the specific jobs they are assigned to do, or the different instruments that they use to do their jobs. Land and forest mapping and monitoring, mapping of resources like water or minerals or fishes, weather and climate observations, soil assessment, geospatial contour mapping are all done through earth-observation satellites.

SAR & X band Radar

EOS-01, like its cousins in it’s series RISAT-2B and RISAT-2BR1, uses synthetic aperture radars (SARs) to produce high-resolution images of the land. One big advantage that radar imaging has over optical instruments is that it is unaffected by weather, cloud or fog, or the lack of sunlight. It can produce high-quality images in all conditions and at all times. Depending on the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation used by the radar, different properties on land can be captured in the image. EOS-01, and its sister RISATs, use X-band radars that operate at low wavelengths and are considered best for monitoring of urban landscape, and imaging of agricultural or forest land. According to ISRO, EOS-01 is intended for applications in agriculture, forestry, and disaster management support. The radar images are also considered to be immensely useful for military requirements.

PSLV- the launch vehicle

PSLV- polar satellite launch vehicle was the rocket type used to launch the EOS-01 to space. ISRO in yesterday’s launch used a new variant of its PSLV rocket that has been flown only once before, in January last year, when it had placed the Microsat-R satellite in orbit. Microsat-R was the one that was brought down in March last year in India’s first anti-satellite test, a demonstration of its capability to hit an in-orbit enemy satellite in space. This variant of PSLV does not become waste after parking its satellite in the orbit. Instead, the last stage of the rocket, the one that remains after the satellite is separated, can acquire its own orbit, and be used as an orbital platform for other onboard instruments to perform experiments in space. Effectively, the fourth stage acts like another satellite, with a life span of about six months.

The author is a member of Amity Centre of Happiness